Effect of Sediment Suspensions on Seawater Salinity Assessments
Marc Le Menn,
Laurent Pacaud
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
23-34
Received:
3 January 2017
Accepted:
20 January 2017
Published:
28 April 2017
Abstract: The absolute salinity of seawater can be assessed by conductivity measurements and the calculation of a practical salinity, or by density measurements. The effect of low concentrations of suspended particulate matter on these measurements has never been documented, but the theories developed to explain and predict the conductivity of sediments show clearly that, under an electrical field, they interact with the ionic composition of seawater. Moreover, it can be easily shown that adding any quantity of particles has an effect on the measured density of a seawater sample. This publication describes a measurement method settled to measure the effect of sediment particles on seawater conductivity and proposes relations for explaining and predicting the observed phenomena. It also describes the effects of particles on density measurements. The results obtained show that the errors on the measured conductivities (and practical salinities) caused by sand in suspensions, are less than 0.001 mS cm-1 (on average) with concentrations encountered in oceans fields, but that these cannot be neglected in some coastal areas. The amplitude of the measurement noise leaded by particles circulation in the conductivity cell exceeds 0.002 in salinity beyond 200 mg l-1. For density measurements, the threshold for keeping the error inferior to the uncertainty of 0.004 kg m-3 usually obtained with vibrating tube densimeters, is much lower, 9 mg l-1, and close to the concentrations encountered in the open ocean.
Abstract: The absolute salinity of seawater can be assessed by conductivity measurements and the calculation of a practical salinity, or by density measurements. The effect of low concentrations of suspended particulate matter on these measurements has never been documented, but the theories developed to explain and predict the conductivity of sediments show...
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The Determinants of Non-Revenue Water & Financial Viability for the Palestinian Water Service Providers
Abdullah Murrar,
Abdelrahman Tamim,
Subhi Samhan
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, April 2017
Pages:
35-45
Received:
13 April 2017
Accepted:
21 April 2017
Published:
23 May 2017
Abstract: Imagine that your water service provider gives your family at the end of the year $70 as a result of non-revenue water. Indeed, it is the value of Palestinian non-revenue water for year 2015; where, it was equivalent to a deposit $13 for each individual person. Due to its importance, this paper empirically evaluates the determinants of non-revenue water for the providers that deliver water services to 72% of Palestinian population. Two multiple regressions have been conducted; the first one measuring the non-revenue water. The findings of this measurement show that staff productivity, daily consumption, average price, energy cost, service providers’ size and structure, have significant impact on the non-revenue water; wherein, the water production variable impact is not significant. However, those predictors have been included into another regression to explain the financial viability of the Palestinian Water Service Providers. The results indicate that staff productivity, daily consumption, average price, energy cost, and water production have significant effect on the financial viability. Only service providers’ size and structure, have insignificant effect. In Palestine, the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) is the policy maker. The results of this research implicate that PWA may put targets for Palestinian Service Providers at national level; such as non-revenue water, staff productivity, profitability, and water production. Therefore, this will lead to increase the performance of the water providers in non-revenue water and overall enhance their financial viability.
Abstract: Imagine that your water service provider gives your family at the end of the year $70 as a result of non-revenue water. Indeed, it is the value of Palestinian non-revenue water for year 2015; where, it was equivalent to a deposit $13 for each individual person. Due to its importance, this paper empirically evaluates the determinants of non-revenue ...
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