Research Article
Spatio-temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in the Waters of the Senegal River Delta
Ahmed Dame Mboup*,
Alassane Thiam,
Amadou Babacar Sarr
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
1-7
Received:
2 December 2025
Accepted:
18 December 2025
Published:
16 January 2026
Abstract: The objectives of this study are to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) and their origins in treated wastewater from the Senegal River Delta, the main source of water supply for local populations. THMs are by-products of water chlorination, formed mainly by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic substances present in the water. They are potentially carcinogenic, toxic to the liver and kidneys, and cause skin and eye irritation. To carry out this study, two in-situ sampling campaigns of treated water were conducted to measure pH, turbidity (NTU), and total trihalomethanes. The first sampling was carried out on December 22, 2023 (just after the rainy season) at the Rawette, Ronkh, and Ross Bethio sites, while the second was carried out on May 21, 2025, at the Pont Mboubène, Kassak, and Mboundoum sites. For the first campaign, three (03) tap water samples were taken, one (01) per site, and for the second campaign, three (03) samples were taken, one (01) per site. The six samples were packaged in 500 mL polyethylene bottles and then transported in a cooler to the Sen'Eau laboratory at the KMS3 plant in Louga for physical and chemical analysis (pH, turbidity, and THM). The results obtained during the first campaign show values of 3.86 NTU for the Ross Bethio site and 1.88 NTU for the Rawette site, which do not comply with the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (1 NTU), and 0.81 NTU for the Ronkh site. For the second campaign, the turbidity values for the Boundoum and Pont Mboubène sites comply with the above standard (Boundoum 0.86 NTU and Mboubène 0.92 NTU), except for the Kassak site, which does not comply with the standard with a value of 3 NTU. For total THMs, the Ronkh and Ross Bethio sites showed minimum concentrations of 0 and 4µg/L, respectively, and a maximum concentration of 16µg/L for the first sampling and laboratory analysis campaign. For the second campaign, the minimum concentrations (0µg/L) were recorded at the Kassak and Mboubène sites, compared to a maximum concentration of 15µg/L recorded at the Boundoum site. Based on this spatial and temporal variation in total THMs analyzed in the drinking water supply networks at the study sites during the two seasons, the SEQ-EAU 2003 standard (75µg/L) is met. However, the presence of THMs at certain sites could be avoided by completely removing organic matter before distribution.
Abstract: The objectives of this study are to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) and their origins in treated wastewater from the Senegal River Delta, the main source of water supply for local populations. THMs are by-products of water chlorination, formed mainly by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic substances present in the water. They are potential...
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Research Article
Assessment of the Physico-chemical Quality of Surface Water in the Bolo and Niouniourou Rivers for Drinking Water Supply in the City of Fresco, Côte d’Ivoire
Koffi N'guessan Martial*,
Soro Gbombele
,
Soro Nagnin
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
8-15
Received:
27 November 2025
Accepted:
16 December 2025
Published:
26 January 2026
Abstract: Access to safe drinking water remains a critical challenge in coastal West African urban centers, particularly in resource-limited settings such as Fresco, Côte d'Ivoire. This study evaluates the potabilization potential of the Bolo and Niouniourou rivers to inform sustainable water supply strategies in hydrogeologically complex estuarine environments. Water samples were collected from 20 stations during the peak flood period (July 2025) and analyzed for 24 physico-chemical parameters. Results revealed contrasting hydrochemical patterns between the two rivers driven by differential hydrodynamic forcing. The Bolo River maintained a freshwater facies (mean conductivity: 1,141µS/cm; dissolved oxygen: 6.28mg/L) under fluvial dominance, where high flood discharge effectively repelled saltwater intrusion through hydraulic flushing mechanisms. Conversely, the Niouniourou River exhibited severe mineralization (conductivity: 3,308µS/cm; chlorides: 912mg/L), attributable to tidal inertia and saltwater trapping that persists despite elevated discharge during the monsoon season. Compliance assessment against WHO drinking water guidelines confirmed the Bolo River's suitability for conventional treatment pathways, whereas the Niouniourou River's chronic salinity burden renders it unsuitable for potabilization without prohibitively expensive desalination technologies. These findings underscore the fundamental importance of hydrodynamic forcing in governing coastal water resource quality and accessibility. The study demonstrates that site-specific hydrodynamic assessment is essential for evidence-based water supply planning in estuarine contexts.
Abstract: Access to safe drinking water remains a critical challenge in coastal West African urban centers, particularly in resource-limited settings such as Fresco, Côte d'Ivoire. This study evaluates the potabilization potential of the Bolo and Niouniourou rivers to inform sustainable water supply strategies in hydrogeologically complex estuarine environme...
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Research Article
Hydropower Generation Potential of the Pwalugu River of the White Volta River Basin, Ghana
Issue:
Volume 15, Issue 1, February 2026
Pages:
16-28
Received:
12 January 2026
Accepted:
21 January 2026
Published:
4 February 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.wros.20261501.13
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Abstract: Hydropower is one of the most commercially developed renewable energy sources globally. This study assessed the hydropower generation potential of the Pwalugu River section of the White Volta River in Ghana using the depth-averaged shallow-water equations (SWEs) hydrodynamic model. Various topographic models of the seabed were engineered to assess the topographic response to hydrodynamic flow, including the formation of whirlpools. The modelled equations were discretised using the Lax-Wendroff iteration scheme, and Python 3.07 was employed to implement the algorithm. The computed hydropower associated with the flowing fluid showed a significant difference before and after interacting with the engineered bottom-topographic structures. The topographic response to the flow led to increased mass flow rate, instigated by the developed flowing whirlpool, which served as a dynamic energy storage system for the flow channel. The topographic model with two mounts arranged along the river channel could produce power within the range of 1.8 MW - 2.9 MW. These were observed at locations x = 240 m, x = 481 m, and x = 962 m from the source of disturbances. The study, therefore, showed that the Pwalugu River section of White Volta River has the potential of generating hydropower if turbines are sited at these locations to enhance power generation capacity for the electrification of rural communities and the utlisation of the spillage from the Bagre dam in Burkina Faso, which causes perennial flooding in low-lying communities along the White Volta and the Black Volta in Ghana.
Abstract: Hydropower is one of the most commercially developed renewable energy sources globally. This study assessed the hydropower generation potential of the Pwalugu River section of the White Volta River in Ghana using the depth-averaged shallow-water equations (SWEs) hydrodynamic model. Various topographic models of the seabed were engineered to assess ...
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