The Ancient Shells Were Studied by X-ray Diffraction and Electron Probe
Chen Junhao,
Chen Guiqing
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
86-93
Received:
27 September 2019
Accepted:
17 October 2019
Published:
5 November 2019
Abstract: What changes have they made since the shells were buried in the ground for thousands of years? The geological crystallography book records that the physical properties of the aragonite structure are unstable and will eventually be converted into calcite. This is probably also a theory copied from abroad, and no one in the country has ever studied it. The crystal structure of the test substance can only be measured by an X-ray diffractometer, and geologists seem to not be familiar with crystallography. Now I plan to use X-ray diffraction to verify the correctness of this theory? It turns out that after a long geological time, not only did the aragonite not become calcite, but the grain grew up again - "single crystal" and even calcite decreased, proving that this theory is wrong. Carbon 14 (C14) is used to determine the geological age of some artifacts. Now using the electronic probe to detect the "double Chen weathering hole CC" of the ancient shell, it may be used as another method to determine the geological time.
Abstract: What changes have they made since the shells were buried in the ground for thousands of years? The geological crystallography book records that the physical properties of the aragonite structure are unstable and will eventually be converted into calcite. This is probably also a theory copied from abroad, and no one in the country has ever studied i...
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Combination of Structural Data and GIS Tools in the Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zone in Crystalline Terrain: The Case of Southeastern Senegal
Ibrahima Mall,
Mahamadane Diène,
Moctar Diaw,
Papa Malick Ngom,
Serigne Faye
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
94-107
Received:
2 October 2019
Accepted:
30 October 2019
Published:
9 November 2019
Abstract: In some West African regions, the craton is made by birimian formations that constitute the basement in these areas. In Senegal, the Kédougou Kéniéba inlier is characterized by the presence of fractured aquifers, thus constituting a problem of availability and mobilization of groundwater resources in this zone. Evaluation of groundwater potentiality zone is studied by using Remote Sensing and GIS technics integrating eight thematic parameters (Rainfall, geology, lineaments, regolith thickness, and weathered thickness proximity of rivers). The weighted overlay technic is used and appropriate weight were evaluated by statistical approach with a linear regression model in order to determine and built influence percentage of groundwater storage related to each parameter. Results showed a map of five groundwater potential classes ranging from very good to very low potentiality. High groundwater potential areas are located in the southern part of the Sabodala mining area and contrast with the northern part where groundwater potential is low due to lower rainfall and rock types dominated by granite formations in most parts of the area. Very good potentials occupy about 5% of this study area. These areas are mainly located in the southern part of the Gambia River watershed between the isohyets 1250 to 1150mm and on the MTZ. Areas with good potential are mainly found on volcano-sedimentary formations, but they are more concentrated on the southern part of the Gambia watershed where interesting flows can be observed (8 to 20 m3/H). This result is in compliance with the flow rate data observed in this southern part. On the other hand, the moderate potentialities constitute the class which is found on all lithology types and represent 35.1% of the total surface of the study area (1280.6 Km2). However, the very low potentialities are only found in the northern part and occupy an area of 873.10 square kilometers corresponding to 10.5% of the total area of the area. These results confirm that in the northern part and the granitic terrains have weak potentialities and the risks to get a negative boreholes remain high at these zones. Results show that there is a good correlation between the good potential areas identified by the GIS and the areas with appreciable borehole yields and the tectonic basins.
Abstract: In some West African regions, the craton is made by birimian formations that constitute the basement in these areas. In Senegal, the Kédougou Kéniéba inlier is characterized by the presence of fractured aquifers, thus constituting a problem of availability and mobilization of groundwater resources in this zone. Evaluation of groundwater potentialit...
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A Methodology for Applying Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation and Natural Cybernetics to Tropical Cyclone Mitigation
Peng Yuehua,
Shi Weilai,
Chen Zhongxin,
Wang Ting
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 6, December 2019
Pages:
108-116
Received:
2 November 2018
Accepted:
27 November 2018
Published:
21 November 2019
Abstract: Investigations into tropical cyclone mitigation, especially those made by Ross Hoffman, are introduced in the beginning to elicit the weather control version of 4-Dimensional Variation (4D-Var) as a nonlinear optimal control technique and the theory of natural cybernetics. Subsequently, the concept of Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbations (CNOP) and the existing connotation of natural cybernetics related to weather modification are briefly presented. After that, the primary application of CNOP, improved by comparison with 4D-Var, are stressed upon, which can make use of the observational data during the controlling process, thereby having some advantages over 4D-Var in weather control. The technique may be called ‘nonlinear optimal forcing variation calculus (NOFV)’ or ‘nonlinear optimal forcing perturbation (NOFP)’ approach, which could make controlling as close to the observation as possible. Moreover, two other applications of CNOP, i.e. inversion of the initial perturbation evolving into a tropical cyclone and the solution of perturbation yielding maximum vertical wind shear with CNOP, are further investigated. Subsequently, the application of natural cybernetics to tropical cyclone mitigation and control, is analyzed in comparison with precipitation enhancement. Meanwhile, the means to realize tropical cyclone control and mitigation are synoptically reviewed. The investigation and analysis show that CNOP approach and natural cybernetics are useful in tropical cyclone mitigation and control.
Abstract: Investigations into tropical cyclone mitigation, especially those made by Ross Hoffman, are introduced in the beginning to elicit the weather control version of 4-Dimensional Variation (4D-Var) as a nonlinear optimal control technique and the theory of natural cybernetics. Subsequently, the concept of Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbations (CN...
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